![]() ![]() ![]() Proteobacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, and Escherichia were reported to be increased in NAFLD (nonalcoholic fatty liver disease) patients. Decreased abundance of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, an anti-inflammatory commensal, stimulating IL-10 secretion and inhibiting IL-12 and interferon-γ expression. High levels of plasma endotoxin are detected in alcoholics, in moderate fatty liver to advanced cirrhosis. Alcohol-induced dysbiosis may be associated with gut barrier dysfunction, as microbiota and their products modulate barrier function by affecting epithelial pro-inflammatory responses and mucosal repair functions. Intestinal dysmotility, increased gastric pH, and altered immune responses in addition to environmental and genetic factors are likely to cause alcohol-associated gut microbial changes. Alcoholics with high intestinal permeability had a decrease in the abundance of Ruminnococcus. Accumulating evidence supports that gut dysbiosis may relate to various liver diseases.
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